Role of Extreme Indian Ocean Dipole in Regulating Three‐Dimensional Freshwater Content in the Southeast Indian Ocean

The tropical Southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO) is a key area linking the global freshwater and heat exchanges. Dipole (IOD) fundamentally modulates circulation thus regulates basin-wide balance. However, our knowledge of this effect remains limited. Using observational-based data sets, study suggests that extreme positive IOD events have notable signatures on three-dimensional content SEIO, leading to vertically opposite salinity anomalies in surface subsurface layers. wind changes led northwestward extension South Equatorial Current intensified Sumatra-Java upwelling. changing horizontal vertical currents jointly result complicated anomalies. Undercurrent serves as conduit for water exchange between equator SEIO. This work highlights strong coupling equatorial inventory SEIO within framework IOD.